though in reality there is a mix.

More than 2,000 Gigawatts (GW) of coal-fired capacity is operating in the world today, adding roughly 15 billion tons of CO₂ emissions per year.This amounts to almost half of all carbon emissions..

Mainstream climate thinking that assumes countries will shut down their coal plants is not realistic.Most coal plants are young: more than half are less than 14 years old.Existing coal-fired power plants have enormous value in terms of established markets for their power, grid connections, access to cooling water and experienced personnel necessary for the generation and distribution of power..

But even though coal plants themselves are the largest single source of carbon, they can also act as flexible generators, complementing renewables in support of delivering reliable, affordable, and resilient electricity grids.Installing advanced heat sources, such as small modular reactors (SMRs), to replace the coal-fired boilers at existing coal plants will enable the continued use of existing infrastructure for emissions-free electricity generation, providing substantial help with our decarbonisation efforts.. Repowering coal offers a fast, low-risk, large-scale contribution to decarbonising the world’s power generation..

So, together with Terra Praxis, other specialists and key stakeholders, we are developing a solution that will contribute to creating a huge market for rapid, low-cost repowering of coal and gas plants with carbon-free advanced heat sources, while delivering a substantial portion of the clean electricity required to help achieve Net Zero by 2050.. 18.

The answer is nuclear., the largest being.

I used standard factors to adjust the capital cost in a no.halving the scale does not half the cost or time for each unit to be deployed; the capital per unit volume actually increases..

Lining up scale with demand.Finally, I changed the conversion costs for each scale based upon rules of thumb factors.. M. ore batches.